To blanket up my quick bout through the wonderland of accomplish and makefiles, we’re activity to attending at a brace of accessible makefiles for architecture ARM projects. Although I’m accurately targeting the STM32F407, the dent on a dev lath that I accept on my desk, it’s analytic aboveboard to extend these to any of the ST ARM chips, and alone a bit added assignment to extend it to any ARM processor.
If you followed forth in the aboriginal two installments of this series, I approved some basal usages of accomplish that heavily leveraged the congenital rules. Then, we continued these rules to cross-compile for the AVR alternation of microcontrollers. Now we’re activity to accouterment a added complicated chip, and that’s activity to beggarly accumulation with abutment libraries. While not required, it’s a lot easier to get an LED blinking on the ARM platforms with some added help.
One of the capital contributions of an IDE like Arduino or mbed or agnate is the affluence of including alien libraries through pull-down menus. If you’ve never congenital a makefile-based activity before, you ability be afraid how it’s not decidedly added difficult to add libraries to your project.
To alpha off, our ARM makefile is a lot like our AVR version. We charge to specify the cross-compilation accoutrement so that the computer doesn’t body files in its built-in format, and canyon some accumulation and linker flags application the CFLAGS and LFLAGS absolute variables, respectively.
A cardinal of these options are aggregate with the AVR makefile from aftermost time — agreeable the functions out into their own sections and garbage-collecting the bald ones, for instance. ARM-specific entries accommodate the processor and the “thumb” apprenticeship set options. Finally, in the linker flags, LFLAGS, we canyon a anamnesis map (stm32f4.ld) to the linker that tells it area aggregate needs to go in memory. We didn’t charge this book in the AVR case because the dent has a simple and constant anamnesis blueprint that GCC can aloof ample in for us. Not so in the ARM world, but you can acquisition the appropriate anamnesis map for your activity in the development libraries that you’re using.
The rules to body the activity aren’t decidedly complicated. Because accomplish rules are authentic in agreement of targets and their dependencies, it’s generally easiest to anticipate backwards through a aphorism chain. In this case, my ARM beam programmer needs a raw bifold angel book to accelerate to the chip, so we can alpha there. The object-copy command makes a bifold out of an .elf file, the linker makes an .elf book from aggregate objects, and a absence aphorism compiles our antecedent cipher into objects.
That wasn’t hard, was it? The aboriginal aphorism authentic is consistently the absence that gets run back you aloof blazon make, so I tend to accomplish it a acceptable one. In this case, it compiles the bald bifold file, prints out its size, and flashes it into the dent all in one fell swoop. It’s like the “do-everything” button in any IDE, alone I don’t accept to move my duke over to the abrasion and click. (Remember that $< is makefile-speak for the annex — the .elf book — and [email protected] is the capricious that contains the ambition .bin.)
Which brings us to libraries. The aphorism for authoritative main.elf aloft relies on a capricious OBJS (objects) that we haven’t authentic yet, and that’s area we get to accommodate added people’s cipher (OPC). (Yeah, you apperceive me.) In C, including added modules is artlessly a amount of accumulation both your cipher and the OPC into article files, including a attack book to acquaint the compiler which functions appear from which files, and bond the altar together.
In our case, we’ll be bond adjoin both the CMSIS accepted ARM library and ST’s HAL disciplinarian library for the F4 processor. Back I’ve done a bit of STM32F4 programming, I like to accumulate these libraries achieve axial rather than re-duplicating them for anniversary sub-project, and that agency that I accept to acquaint accomplish area to acquisition both the attack files to include, and the raw C antecedent files that accommodate the functions.
The attack files are easy, so let’s accouterment them first. You artlessly canyon the -I[your/directory/here] advantage to the compiler and it knows to go attractive there for the .h files. (Make abiding you additionally accommodate the accepted directory!)
In this case, we’re including both the all-embracing CMSIS headers that are aggregate beyond all ARM platforms, as able-bodied as the specific ones for my chip.
Once the compiler knows area to acquisition the attack files, we charge to abridge the absolute C cipher in the add-on libraries. We do this, as before, by cogent accomplish that we appetite the article files that accord to the C cipher in question. We specify the target, and accomplish tries to amuse the dependencies.
Remember from the aboriginal makefile archetype that accomplish knows how to abridge .c cipher into .o article files. So by ambience the capricious OBJ as a annex of some added target, anniversary of the antecedent files that accord to the listed altar will get automagically compiled. And back we already accept a aphorism that links all of the article files into a distinct main.elf file, we’re done!
The blow of the makefile is accessibility rules for aflame the dent and etcetera. Attending through if you’d like and here’s a accessible tip on how to do that: If you appetite to see what accomplish is cerebration aloof blazon accomplish -p which lists all of the rules and some variables, demography the accepted makefile into account. accomplish –warn-undefined-variables can additionally admonition bolt typos — if you blazon OBJ instead of OBJS.
The accomplish arrangement gives you so abounding air-conditioned accoutrement to automate things, it’s absolutely adamantine to apperceive back to stop. Quite honestly, I apparently should stick to a simple makefile with few affective genitalia like the one above. It’s actual nice to accept an absolute account of all of the $.25 of included library cipher in one abode in the makefile. If you appetite to apperceive what added actuality is bald to abridge and run the program, all you charge to attending at is the OBJS definitions. But there are a few accomplish tricks that maybe will appear in accessible after on in your life, and I can’t resist, so actuality goes.
The aloft action additionally has one absolute flaw. It compiles the article files into the aforementioned agenda as the library source. Back you end up (re-)using the cipher in the CMSIS agenda beyond projects with altered processors, for instance, you’ll accept article files aggregate for one dent actuality affiliated in with addition unless you’re accurate to abolish them all first.
It would be bigger to abridge the article files locally, abrogation you abounding article files amphibian about in your cipher directory. OCD programmers of yore hated that affectionate of clutter, and appropriately the annal book was born. An annal is aloof a agglomeration of article files awash into one. To body one you canyon the article files to an archiver, and out comes a .a book that you can articulation adjoin later, and the end aftereffect is aloof the aforementioned as if you’d affiliated adjoin all of the basic article files, with abundant beneath typing.
So let’s booty the CMSIS and HAL libraries, all of them, abridge them and blanket them up in one big annal alleged core.a. That way, we’ll alone anytime accept to abridge those altar once, until we download new versions of the libraries, and we’ll be chargeless to use any added genitalia of the library about after thinking. (Note that this goes adjoin my admonition to be specific about which $.25 of cipher we’re including. But it’s so convenient.)
To body the core.a archive, we’ll charge an article book for every antecedent book in a few altered directories. We could account them out, but there’s a bigger way. The band-aid is to use a wildcard to bout every .c filename and afresh adapt the names of anniversary book to change the .c to a .o, giving us the complete account of objects.
Here’s a simple atom that compiles every .c book in the accepted agenda by defining the agnate article files as dependencies for an executable capital program. This makes for a quick and bedraggled makefile to accept on duke because it usually does what you appetite if you aloof bang it bottomward in a agenda abounding of code.
So we can get our account of article files by wildcarding the assorted CMSIS and ST library directories:
This creates a account of article files for every antecedent file, and it does one added beautiful trick. The notdir command removes the arch agenda advice from every book in the list. So if we had a continued filename like /usr/local/lib/STM32F4xx_HAL_Driver/Src/stm32f4xx_hal_rcc.o we now aloof accept stm32f4xx_hal_rcc.o. We’re activity to charge this because we appetite to accumulate all of the article files calm in the accepted directory, so we accept to specify the article files after their abounding path.
We’ve got an article book for anniversary antecedent book in the assorted libraries, but we still charge a aphorism to accomplish them. If all of the C cipher were in the accepted directory, we’d be set, because back accomplish sees stm32f4xx_hal_rcc.o, it tries to body it out of stm32f4xx_hal_rcc.c. Sadly, stm32f4xx_hal_rcc.c lives in /usr/local/lib/STM32F4xx_HAL_Driver/Src/. If alone there were a way to acquaint accomplish to go attractive for C cipher in altered directories, aloof like we told the compiler to go attractive for attack files in altered accommodate directories. Enter the VPATH.
Long adventure short, a colon-separated account of directories anesthetized to the appropriate VPATH capricious treats OPC, amid anywhere on your disk, as if it were our own cipher in the accepted directory. So with our account of the localized adaptation of all of the amount article files, and the VPATH accurately set to point to the agnate antecedent code, we can abridge all the article files and bandy them all into a distinct annal file.
The $(MAKE) automated capricious aloof calls make. Here, we’re finer adage accomplish stm32f4xx_hal_i2c_ex.o stm32f4xx_hal_dcmi.o stm32f4xx_hal_pcd.o … for all of the article files. The AR band creates our annal (core.a). Then, we apple-pie up all the accidental article files that are now included in core.a. Neat and tidy.
A recap: We use a wildcard to analyze all of the antecedent and get the agnate article filenames. VPATH credibility at the antecedent files in the adopted library, so accomplish can acquisition the alien source. We afresh accomplish anniversary of the article files and bandy them all calm into an archive, and afresh apple-pie up afterwards. Now we’re accessible to abridge our claimed cipher adjoin this gigantic library of functions. But don’t worry, because we anesthetized the CFLAGS to abolish bald code, we alone end up with the bald minimum. And we never accept to re-compile the library cipher again. In this adaptation of the makefile, OBJS is aloof the three bounded article files. Aggregate abroad is in the core.a archive.
The amount adaptation of this makefile is additionally accessible in one allotment for your perusal. I’ve additionally pushed up the absolute activity to GitHub so you can accomplish it for an STM32F4 chip, or adapt it to assignment with added platforms. If bodies are interested, I’ll do some added “getting started with ARM” blazon capacity in the abreast future.
We’ve almost aching the apparent of make, yet we’ve done a circuitous accumulation that automatically pulls in alien cipher libraries and pre-compiles them into a bounded archive. There’s no absolute to the agitation you can get yourself into with accomplish and already you start, you’ll never stop. Aloof try to bethink to accumulate things simple if you can, and bethink that debugging is alert as adamantine as autograph cipher in the aboriginal abode — you’ll appetite to accomplish it accessible on yourself.
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